Diseases and Pests Management

This page is designed to help New England beekeepers identify, understand, and respond to the most common honey bee diseases and pests found in the region. Short, handpicked video links are included with each entry to support visual identification.

This guide is intended to be practical and field-ready, focusing on issues that actually occur in New England especially during spring, summer, and fall. At the end of the page, you'll also find a list of rare diseases that beekeepers in this region should be aware of, even if they are unlikely to encounter them.

Essential Honey Bee Diseases and Pests Every New England Beekeeper Should Know

These are the most common, impactful, and relevant diseases and pests encountered by beekeepers in New England. Understanding these conditions is critical for maintaining healthy colonies, especially through spring buildup, summer flows, and fall preparation for winter.

American Foulbrood (AFB) (honey improper for human consumption)
European Foulbrood (EFB) (honey may be improper for human consumption during active infection)
Sacbrood Virus (SBV)
Chalkbrood
Varroa Mites
Nosema Disease
Wax Moths (honey may be improper for human consumption due to feces and silk contamination)
Small Hive Beetle (SHB) (honey improper for human consumption if slimed/fermented by larvae)
Deformed Wing Virus (DWV)
Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV)

Rare and Uncommon Honey Bee Diseases in New England

The conditions below are rarely seen in New England, but they are still important to be aware of especially if you import bees, raise queens, or manage hives in varied environments. These diseases may also become more relevant in the future due to climate changes or shifting beekeeping practices.

Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV)
Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV)
Kashmir Bee Virus (KBV)
Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV)
Lake Sinai Virus (LSV)
Tropilaelaps Mites (not present in the U.S., but a known global threat)
Stonebrood (honey may be improper for human consumption if visibly moldy)

American Foulbrood (AFB)

What is this disease?

American Foulbrood (AFB) is a highly contagious and fatal bacterial disease that affects honey bee larvae. Caused by the spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae, it leads to the death and decomposition of brood inside the hive.

Scientific Name or Pathogen Type

Paenibacillus larvae — a spore-forming bacterium.

Where it originates

AFB spores are found naturally in the environment but are primarily spread through infected colonies, contaminated equipment, and hive products. Spores can remain viable for over 50 years.

Transmission Method

Beekeeping equipment and tools shared between colonies
Robbing and drifting bees that visit infected hives
Feeding bees contaminated honey or frames
Reusing old brood comb that contains dormant spores

How frequently this attacks the colony and what season

Though relatively rare in well-managed colonies, outbreaks can occur in spring and summer, when brood rearing is most active. AFB can devastate colonies if not detected and handled promptly.

What colonies are more prone to get it

Colonies weakened by mites, poor nutrition, or stress
Hives started from used or uninspected equipment

What the beekeeper can do to prevent it

Conduct regular inspections of brood frames
Avoid sharing tools or equipment between hives without sanitizing
Rotate out old combs every 3–5 years
Never feed bees honey or wax from unknown sources
Use irradiated equipment when reusing materials
Report infections to local apiary inspectors

How to identify (signs and characteristics for the beekeeper to identify it)

Capped brood is sunken, greasy, and may have holes
Dead larvae turn into a brown, sticky mass
Presence of a foul or sulfur-like odor
The "roping test": poke a matchstick into the cell; decomposed larvae stretch out like mucous
Hardened scales stick to the lower cell wall and are hard to remove

Symptoms Timeline

Infection begins in young larvae (<3 days old)
Death occurs after the cell is capped
Signs are usually visible 7–10 days after infection
The disease spreads gradually but persistently if untreated

Comparison with Similar Conditions

Disease	Key Difference
European Foulbrood (EFB)	Larvae die before capping, usually twisted in cell; no foul odor
Chalkbrood	Mummified larvae are white or black and dry, not gooey
Sacbrood Virus	Larvae form a sac-like skin, are not ropey or smelly

How to treat once your colony gets it

Report to Massachusetts state apiary program. IMPORTANT: AFB is a notifiable disease
MA inspector will burn infected hives and frames completely if confirmed
Sterilize all tools using a blowtorch or bleach solution (with caution)
Do not attempt to manage AFB with antibiotics; this is only allowed by veterinary oversight and only suppresses symptoms
Quarantine all suspect hives and destroy any showing signs

New England-Specific Notes

In Massachusetts and other New England states, AFB is a legally reportable disease
Local inspectors will confirm AFB using field test kits or lab analysis
Spores can survive cold winters, so even dead-out colonies may still harbor infection
Beekeepers in New England should use strong overwintered colonies and avoid using old donated equipment from unknown sources

Videos to Help Identify the Disease

European Foulbrood (EFB)

What is this disease?

European Foulbrood (EFB) is a bacterial brood disease that primarily affects young, uncapped larvae. It is caused by Melissococcus plutonius and results in larvae that die before their cells are capped. Though less destructive than AFB, it can still significantly weaken a colony if left untreated.

Scientific Name or Pathogen Type

Melissococcus plutonius — a non-spore-forming bacterium.

Where it originates

The bacteria are present in the environment and spread easily within and between colonies through nurse bees, contaminated equipment, and robbing behavior.

Transmission Method

Transmitted by nurse bees when feeding larvae
Spread by robbing or drifting bees
Contaminated hive tools, gloves, and equipment
Reuse of infected brood frames without sterilization

How frequently this attacks the colony and what season

EFB tends to appear in spring and early summer, especially during periods of cool, wet weather or when the colony is under stress. Colonies usually show symptoms sporadically, but multiple-year recurrence is possible if left untreated.

What colonies are more prone to get it

Colonies with poor nutrition or inadequate pollen
Overcrowded or stressed hives
Hives with a young queen and rapid brood expansion
Colonies exposed to contaminated tools or shared equipment

What the beekeeper can do to prevent it

Maintain strong, well-fed colonies
Avoid cross-contamination between hives
Provide adequate pollen sources or supplements
Replace old or suspect brood frames regularly
Monitor brood pattern during spring buildup

How to identify (signs and characteristics for the beekeeper to identify it)

Affected larvae are twisted in their cells, often yellowish or brown, and die before capping
Cells may appear sunken or wet, but no foul odor is present
Larvae may appear melted or deflated
Scales are not strongly attached and easier to remove than AFB
Often patchy brood pattern with irregular cell coverage

Symptoms Timeline

Larvae typically die between 2–4 days old, before cell capping
Symptoms may fluctuate, clearing up temporarily as colony health improves
Disease can linger or recur seasonally without comb replacement

Comparison with Similar Conditions

Disease	Key Difference
American Foulbrood (AFB)	Kills larvae after capping; has a foul odor and ropey remains
Chalkbrood	Larvae mummify and become chalky and dry
Sacbrood Virus	Larvae look like fluid-filled sacs, often with a dark head

How to treat once your colony gets it

Requeen the colony
Boost nutrition with syrup and pollen supplement
Remove infected frames and replace with clean comb
Use of oxytetracycline (Terramycin) under veterinary guidance is allowed in some states but often avoided by treatment-free beekeepers
In mild cases, symptoms may resolve on their own with improved forage and management

New England-Specific Notes

EFB is common in New England during damp, cool springs
Some states require reporting of EFB, but it's not always mandatory. IMPORTANT: check your state local apiary program guidelines
Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules apply if antibiotics are prescribed
Early intervention and proactive comb rotation are key to preventing long-term issues

Videos to Help Identify the Disease

Sacbrood Virus (SBV)

What is this disease?

Sacbrood Virus (SBV) is a viral infection that affects honey bee larvae, preventing them from pupating. Infected larvae die while still stretched out in their cells and develop a distinctive sac-like appearance, making it one of the easier brood diseases to visually identify.

Scientific Name or Pathogen Type

Sacbrood virus — a single-stranded RNA virus in the Iflavirus family.

Where it originates

The virus is present in most bee populations worldwide. It spreads through routine colony activities and can flare up under certain stress conditions.

Transmission Method

Nurse bees feed infected royal jelly to larvae
Spread through oral contact and contaminated food
Can be passed between hives via drifting or robbing bees
Contaminated tools and beekeeper hands/gloves may also spread the virus

How frequently this attacks the colony and what season

SBV is commonly seen in spring and early summer, especially when colonies experience nutritional stress or high population turnover. Most colonies can tolerate low levels of SBV without major issues.

What colonies are more prone to get it

Rapidly growing colonies with a high brood-to-nurse bee ratio
Colonies under nutritional stress or weather-related stress
Colonies recently recovering from queen replacement or disease

What the beekeeper can do to prevent it

Ensure adequate pollen and nectar resources during brood buildup
Rotate old combs and manage congestion
Reduce bee stress by managing mites, ensuring ventilation, and keeping colonies well-balanced
Avoid over-inspection during cold or rainy periods (but do not go more than 10 days between inspections)

How to identify (signs and characteristics for the beekeeper to identify it)

Affected larvae die before pupating, lying stretched out in the cell
The larvae form a fluid-filled sac. The skin separates from the body
Head is usually dark and raised
Dead larvae are not ropey, do not smell foul, and can be easily removed
Scale left behind is dry and boat-shaped

Symptoms Timeline

Larvae die at about 4–5 days old, shortly before they would be capped
Outbreaks may appear suddenly during times of rapid brood rearing
Symptoms often resolve on their own as colony strength improves

Comparison with Similar Conditions

Disease	Key Difference
American Foulbrood (AFB)	Larvae die after capping, become ropey, foul-smelling
European Foulbrood (EFB)	Larvae are twisted, often yellow, and die before capping, but not sac-like
Chalkbrood	Larvae become dry, chalky mummies, not fluid-filled sacs

How to treat once your colony gets it

No chemical treatment exists. Management is the only approach
Provide pollen substitutes or protein patties to boost nutrition
Requeen if the problem persists, as better genetic may help control the virus
Ensure strong population of nurse bees to care for brood
Remove combs with heavy signs of infection if necessary

New England-Specific Notes

SBV is not a reportable disease in Massachusetts or New England states
Commonly appears in spring, especially after cold spells or nutritional gaps
SBV often resolves without intervention if colonies are healthy and resources are abundant
Beekeepers should remain calm and avoid overreacting. Routine management usually works

Videos to Help Identify the Disease

Chalkbrood

What is this disease?

Chalkbrood is a fungal infection that affects honey bee larvae, causing them to die and mummify inside their cells. The dead larvae become chalk-like in appearance, often white or black. Though not usually fatal to the colony, chalkbrood can reduce brood viability and productivity, especially in cool, damp conditions.

Scientific Name or Pathogen Type

Ascosphaera apis — a spore-forming fungus.

Where it originates

The spores of Ascosphaera apis are naturally present in many beehives. They become problematic when conditions favor their growth like typically cold, moist, and poorly ventilated environments.

Transmission Method

Spread when nurse bees feed larvae contaminated food
Spores are inhaled or ingested by young larvae
Can persist in brood combs, hive debris, and tools
Easily transmitted by beekeeping practices (shared frames, unclean tools)

How frequently this attacks the colony and what season

Chalkbrood is extremely common in New England and other temperate regions
Most outbreaks occur in spring or early summer, especially after prolonged cold and wet weather
Often seen during rapid colony growth or queen replacement

What colonies are more prone to get it

Weak colonies with low bee-to-brood ratios
Hives with poor ventilation or excessive moisture
Colonies in shaded or damp locations
Stressful conditions such as queen failure or excessive inspections

What the beekeeper can do to prevent it

Keep hives well-ventilated and elevated off damp ground
Avoid over-inspecting during cold or wet weather
Replace old or moldy brood frames regularly
Requeen with better genetic resistance may help
Ensure colonies are strong and balanced

How to identify (signs and characteristics for the beekeeper to identify it)

Larvae die after being capped or just before
Dead larvae become white, gray, or black mummies
Mummified larvae are dry, hard, and chalk-like
Mummies are found scattered in the brood nest or on the bottom board
No foul odor present

Symptoms Timeline

Infection occurs when larvae are 3–4 days old
Visible mummies appear in cells or hive floor in 1–2 weeks
Symptoms may worsen during cool, wet weather and improve with warmth

Comparison with Similar Conditions

Disease	Key Difference
American Foulbrood (AFB)	Larvae turn into sticky brown goo, foul-smelling
European Foulbrood (EFB)	Larvae are twisted, yellowish, die before capping
Sacbrood Virus	Larvae appear sac-like and fluid-filled, not dry or chalky

How to treat once your colony gets it

Requeen with better genetic if infections persist
Replace affected brood frames and clean hive bottom boards
Improve ventilation and reduce humidity
Move hive to sunnier, drier location if possible
Boost colony strength with nutritional support

New England-Specific Notes

Extremely common in New England. Almost all beekeepers encounter it at some point
Especially prevalent in spring after long, wet winters
Often resolves naturally as weather warms and colony strengthens
No need to report. This is not a regulated disease in Massachusetts or nearby states

Videos to Help Identify the Disease

Varroa Mites

What is this disease?

Varroa mites (Varroa destructor) are external parasitic mites that feed on the fat bodies and hemolymph of both adult bees and developing brood. They are considered the most serious threat to honey bee colonies worldwide due to their role in weakening bees and spreading multiple deadly viruses, especially Deformed Wing Virus (DWV).

Scientific Name or Pathogen Type

Varroa destructor — an external parasitic arachnid (mite).

Where it originates

Originally a parasite of the Asian honey bee (Apis cerana), Varroa mites jumped to European honey bees (Apis mellifera) in the 20th century and rapidly spread globally.

Transmission Method

Spread between colonies by drifting and robbing bees
Human-mediated through splits, package bees, and nucs
Mites reproduce inside capped brood cells, particularly drone brood
Can be transferred via used equipment or frames

How frequently this attacks the colony and what season

Present in nearly all colonies worldwide
Reproduce throughout the brood-rearing season
Populations peak in late summer and early fall, often just before winter preparation
Unchecked infestations can collapse colonies within months

What colonies are more prone to get it

Colonies with heavy brood cycles and no mite management
Hives near untreated or unmanaged colonies ("mite bombs")
Colonies relying on drone brood production
Overcrowded apiaries or urban clusters with frequent bee drift

What the beekeeper can do to prevent it

Perform monthly mite counts using alcohol wash or sugar roll
Use integrated pest management (IPM): drone brood removal, screened bottom boards, brood breaks
Treat using legal and approved miticides: formic acid, oxalic acid, etc.
Avoid bringing in bees from unknown sources without mite evaluation

How to identify (signs and characteristics for the beekeeper to identify it)

Visible mites: reddish-brown dots on adult bees or pupae
Deformed Wing Virus (DWV): bees with shriveled wings and shortened abdomens
Spotty brood patterns and increased drone brood
Bees crawling at the hive entrance, unable to fly
High mite counts during alcohol wash or sugar roll tests

Symptoms Timeline

Mites reproduce in capped brood cells, especially drone cells
Populations build steadily and peak in late summer
Virus symptoms lag behind mite levels, often appearing as winter bees are being raised
Sudden colony collapse often occurs in September–November without warning signs

Comparison with Similar Conditions

Condition	Key Difference
Tracheal mites	Internal mites affecting airways, now rare
DWV (alone)	May be present without mites but much less severe
Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)	Sudden loss of bees, not always linked to mites; brood remains intact

How to treat once your colony gets it

Confirm infestation with alcohol wash or sugar roll
Choose appropriate treatment based on season and colony condition:
- Formic Pro: use in moderate temps, effective on capped brood. Recommended: August
- Oxalic Acid: best for broodless periods. Recommended: January, April, June, September(maybe), and October
Repeat mite monitoring 14 days post-treatment
Consider splits or brood breaks to reduce mite reproduction
Maintain treatment rotation to prevent resistance

New England-Specific Notes

In New England, mite levels often spike after the honey flow, just as colonies are raising winter bees
Cool, damp falls combined with high mite loads often lead to sudden winter collapse
Oxalic Acid is legal and commonly used in Massachusetts, including sublimation/vaporization
Monitoring and treating mites by mid-August is essential for colony survival over winter

Videos to Help Identify the Disease

Nosema

What is this disease?

Nosema is a digestive disease of adult honey bees caused by microsporidian parasites. The two main species are Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae. These pathogens infect the midgut lining of adult bees, impairing nutrient absorption and leading to dysentery, reduced lifespan, forager disorientation, and eventually colony decline.

Scientific Name or Pathogen Type

Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae — both are unicellular microsporidian parasites (fungus-like).

Where it originates

Nosema apis is native to Europe and has long been present in the U.S.
Nosema ceranae originated in Asian honey bees and has spread globally, now more common than N. apis in North America.

Transmission Method

Spread through ingestion of contaminated feces or hive materials
Spores are excreted in bee feces, contaminating hive surfaces, feeders, and comb
Oral transmission between nurse bees and queen
Shared hive tools and contaminated water sources also spread spores

How frequently this attacks the colony and what season

N. apis was more seasonal, typically in early spring
N. ceranae causes year-round infections, often peaking in late winter and early spring
Outbreaks worsen under cold, damp, or stressful conditions

What colonies are more prone to get it

Colonies confined during long winters (no cleansing flights)
Bees in poorly ventilated or damp hives
Colonies under nutritional stress, high mite loads, or pesticide exposure
Hives with old combs with fecal staining

What the beekeeper can do to prevent it

Ensure bees can make cleansing flights in winter
Keep hives dry and well-ventilated
Rotate out old, contaminated combs
Feed bees high-quality pollen substitute and syrup in late winter
Keep colonies strong and treated for mites, which suppress immunity

How to identify (signs and characteristics for the beekeeper to identify it)

Dysentery: yellow-brown streaks at hive entrance or on frames
Bees appear lethargic, trembling, or unable to fly
Early queen supersedure or failure
Foragers may disappear prematurely
Must use microscopic examination or lab tests to confirm

Symptoms Timeline

Spores germinate in the bee gut within 4–7 days of ingestion
Bees may die within 2–3 weeks in severe cases
Infection typically spreads silently and gradually
Symptoms worsen under stress, confinement, or poor nutrition

Comparison with Similar Conditions

Condition	Key Difference
Varroa infestation	Mites visible; brood affected; virus symptoms appear
Chilled brood	Involves larvae, not adults; caused by cold weather
AFB/EFB	Affect brood, not adult bees or gut health

How to treat once your colony gets it

No legal medication currently approved in the U.S. (Fumagilin-B formerly used but now banned)
Improve colony strength: nutrition, ventilation, and brood break
Requeen if persistent infections occur
Send samples to lab (e.g., UMass Bee Lab) for spore counts (if you are not sure)
Replace heavily stained frames and sterilize equipment
Supportive care is key; the colony often recovers if stress is reduced

New England-Specific Notes

In New England, long winters and confinement make Nosema a common spring issue
N. ceranae is now far more common than N. apis in the region
Beekeepers should inspect hives in late winter/early spring for signs of dysentery
Regular comb rotation and winter preparation are essential preventive steps
Sample testing can be done through UMass Extension or local bee labs

Videos to Help Identify the Disease

Wax Moths

What is this pest?

Wax moths are destructive pests that invade beehives, particularly weak colonies or stored combs, and destroy wax structures, brood comb, and hive materials. They are not a disease but can cause significant structural damage, contaminate equipment, and disrupt colony function if left unmanaged. There are two types:

Greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) — larger, more destructive
Lesser wax moth (Achroia grisella) — smaller, usually secondary invader

Scientific Name or Pathogen Type

Galleria mellonella (Greater Wax Moth)
Achroia grisella (Lesser Wax Moth)
Both are moth pests (Lepidoptera)

Where it originates

Wax moths are naturally present in most environments where bees are kept. They typically target unused, unguarded, or weak hives, laying eggs in crevices of frames and hive bodies. The larvae then tunnel through wax, feeding on brood comb, pollen, and hive debris.

Transmission Method

Adult moths enter hives at night to lay eggs in unprotected areas
Infestation occurs when larvae hatch and burrow through wax comb
Moths often invade stored equipment, dead-outs, or weak colonies unable to defend themselves
Spread by neglected supers, frames, or beeyard debris

How frequently this attacks the colony and what season

Most common in late summer through fall, especially when colonies are weakened
Frequently seen in stored equipment during the off-season
May also appear in nucs, splits, or queen-rearing setups if not protected

What colonies are more prone to get it

Weak or queenless hives with reduced guard bees
Colonies with high mite loads or disease
Dead-outs or hives with leftover comb
Stored frames or boxes without proper protection

What the beekeeper can do to prevent it

Maintain strong colonies with adequate population
Freeze or treat stored frames to kill eggs and larvae
Air-tight storage or light-exposed, well-ventilated areas discourage moths
Clean and rotate old dark brood combs
Use moth traps or monitoring tools in storage areas

How to identify (signs and characteristics for the beekeeper to identify it)

Webbing or silk tunnels throughout the comb
Comb appears chewed, collapsed, or shredded
Larvae: white worms with brown heads
Pupae found in cocoons in crevices of boxes and frames
Dark fecal pellets and a mothball-like odor in severe infestations

Symptoms Timeline

Eggs hatch in 3–5 days, larvae grow for 4–6 weeks, depending on temperature
In ideal warm conditions, a full life cycle completes in 6–8 weeks
Damage can occur very quickly, especially in unprotected stored combs

Comparison with Similar Conditions

Issue	Key Difference
Mice in hive	Chewed wax and feces, but also wood damage and odor
Small hive beetles	Larvae slime comb, but usually require weak colonies
Moldy combs	Appear white or fuzzy but lack webbing or larvae

How to treat once your colony gets it

For active colonies:
- Strengthen population or combine with stronger colony
- Remove and freeze infested frames
For stored combs:
- Freeze at 0°F (-18°C) for 24–48 hours to kill all stages
- Use paramoth (paradichlorobenzene) ONLY in storage (never near bees)
- Rotate old combs out of use
Clean and scrape infested boxes, and use light/air exposure in storage

New England-Specific Notes

In New England, wax moth pressure is lower due to colder winters, but infestations still occur in late summer or poorly stored equipment
Freezing is highly effective which is an easy option in cold climates
Stored combs left in barns, garages, or dead-out hives are most vulnerable
In queen-rearing or NUC operations, wax moths can destroy comb in just a few days if populations are low

Videos to Help Identify the Pest

Small Hive Beetle (SHB)

What is this pest?

Small Hive Beetle (SHB) is an invasive beetle pest that lays eggs inside honey bee colonies. The larvae tunnel through combs, feed on pollen and honey, and cause fermentation and slime, which leads to bees abandoning the hive (absconding). While strong colonies can often defend against small infestations, unchecked SHB populations can cause total colony collapse.

Scientific Name or Pathogen Type

Aethina tumida — a coleopteran beetle, native to sub-Saharan Africa.

Where it originates

SHB is native to Africa and was first detected in the United States in 1998. It has since spread throughout most of the U.S., including parts of New England, though it remains less severe in colder climates.

Transmission Method

Adult beetles fly into hives, attracted by hive odors
Lay eggs in cracks and crevices inside the hive
Larvae hatch and burrow through combs, defecating in honey
Honey ferments and foams, rendering it unusable
Spread through movement of contaminated equipment or bees

How frequently this attacks the colony and what season

More common in late summer and early fall
Populations build up in warm, humid weather
Less frequent in New England than in southern U.S., but can appear during warm spells

What colonies are more prone to get it

Weak or queenless hives with low bee numbers
Hives with excess space (e.g., multiple empty boxes)
Stored or unattended nucs and mating hives
Colonies in warm, humid environments or shady locations

What the beekeeper can do to prevent it

Maintain strong, crowded colonies
Minimize excess space in hives
Use SHB traps or oil trays during the active season
Avoid placing hives in dense shade or overly damp areas
Freeze or sanitize any suspect equipment or comb before reuse

How to identify (signs and characteristics for the beekeeper to identify it)

Adult beetles: small (5–7 mm), black, fast-moving on combs or inner covers
Larvae: resemble wax moth larvae but have distinctive spines and legs
Fermented, slimy honey and rotting smell in the hive
Bees may begin to abandon the hive if infestation becomes severe
Larvae may be seen crawling out of hive to pupate in soil

Symptoms Timeline

Eggs hatch in 1–3 days, larvae feed for about 7–10 days
After leaving the hive, larvae pupate in the soil for ~3 weeks
Entire life cycle can be completed in 3–6 weeks, faster in warm climates
Colonies can collapse rapidly once slime begins

Comparison with Similar Conditions

Condition	Key Difference
Wax moths	Webbing and cocoons, not slime or fermented honey
Nosema or dysentery	Affects adults and gut health, not comb or honey
Robbing or fermenting honey	Can occur with heat/humidity, but no beetles present

How to treat once your colony gets it

Reduce hive space if colony is too small
Install beetle traps (oil traps, beetle blasters, etc.)
Remove heavily infested frames or slime-out combs
In severe cases, relocate hive to drier, sunnier spot
Use soil treatments (like diatomaceous earth) around hive stands to kill pupating larvae
Clean all dead-outs immediately to prevent SHB breeding
Requeen with better genetics

New England-Specific Notes

SHB is less prevalent in New England due to colder winters, but is increasingly detected during warm summers
Nucs and mating hives are particularly vulnerable
Beekeepers should monitor for SHB during late summer, especially in humid years
Early action is essential. Larvae slime-out can happen in days
Stored equipment should be frozen or sealed to avoid infestation

Videos to Help Identify the Pest

Deformed Wing Virus (DWV)

What is this disease?

Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) is a highly prevalent and damaging virus in honey bee colonies. It causes bees, especially those emerging from infected brood, to develop crippled or misshapen wings, shortened abdomens, and impaired motor function. DWV is primarily transmitted by Varroa mites, and its presence is strongly correlated with colony collapse, especially in fall and winter.

Scientific Name or Pathogen Type

Deformed Wing Virus — a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, genus Iflavirus.

Where it originates

DWV is found in low levels in most bee populations, but becomes dangerous when amplified by Varroa mites, which inject the virus directly into developing bees’ bodies during feeding.

Transmission Method

Varroa mites are the main vector, spreading the virus to pupae during feeding
Also spread through trophallaxis (mouth-to-mouth feeding) between adult bees
Can pass from queen to eggs (vertical transmission)
Contaminated tools, gloves, or feeding equipment may play a minor role

How frequently this attacks the colony and what season

Present in nearly all colonies, but most harmful when mite levels are high
Symptoms commonly emerge in late summer and fall, when winter bees are being raised
Without mite control, DWV levels can spike, leading to winter colony loss

What colonies are more prone to get it

Colonies with poor or no Varroa control
Colonies with high drone brood production, which attracts mites
Hives with late-summer mite spikes, especially after nearby colonies collapse
Stressed or nutritionally deficient colonies, which may be less able to fight infection

What the beekeeper can do to prevent it

Maintain strict mite monitoring and treatment schedule
Use brood breaks, drone comb removal, and other Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices
Avoid allowing colonies to drift or rob mite-infested hives
Requeen with better genetic resistance may help
Support colonies with adequate nutrition, especially in late summer

How to identify (signs and characteristics for the beekeeper to identify it)

Bees with crumpled, deformed, or missing wings
Shortened abdomens, shrunken thorax, or trembling behavior
Bees unable to fly, often crawling at the hive entrance
Patchy brood pattern, sometimes mistaken for other diseases
Sudden fall collapse after a healthy-looking summer

Symptoms Timeline

Bees infected during development emerge visibly deformed
Adults infected later may show no visible signs, but die early
Colonies may seem strong midsummer, then crash within weeks
DWV becomes critical when winter bees are infected, as these bees must live 4–6 months

Comparison with Similar Conditions

Condition	Key Difference
Varroa infestation	Often present alongside DWV but does not directly deform wings
Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV)	Affects adult bees with trembling and hairless abdomens
K-Wing virus or paralysis	Wings splayed but not crumpled; bees can still fly initially

How to treat once your colony gets it

There is no direct antiviral treatment for DWV
Control Varroa mites immediately: use oxalic acid, formic acid, or other legal miticides
Consider requeening to improve genetic resistance
Reduce stress: provide protein supplements, reduce overcrowding, improve ventilation
Monitor for reinfestation and repeat mite treatment if needed

New England-Specific Notes

In New England, DWV-related losses peak in late fall and early winter
Colonies may look fine until after the honey flow, then collapse quickly
Strong mite control by mid-August is critical to protect winter bees
DWV is often the final stage in a chain reaction caused by poor mite management

Videos to Help Identify the Disease

Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV)

What is this disease?

Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV) is a viral disease that affects adult honey bees, leading to trembling, hair loss, and eventual paralysis and death. Infected bees often appear black and shiny, are unable to fly, and accumulate at the hive entrance. Though not as widespread as DWV, outbreaks can be devastating and rapid.

Scientific Name or Pathogen Type

Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus — a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, unclassified but often grouped with iflaviruses.

Where it originates

CBPV is found worldwide but appears in sporadic outbreaks, often linked to high colony stress, poor weather, or mite infestations. It exists at low levels in many colonies but can flare under certain conditions.

Transmission Method

Spread by contact between bees, especially in crowded colonies
May be passed through trophallaxis (food exchange)
Contaminated hive parts or tools may also aid transmission
Associated with high mite loads, but not exclusively vectored by Varroa
Can spread via drifting and robbing bees

How frequently this attacks the colony and what season

CBPV outbreaks can occur at any time, but are most common in spring and early summer, especially in overcrowded colonies
Not seen in every apiary, but can reoccur seasonally in susceptible operations
Often underdiagnosed, as symptoms mimic other issues

What colonies are more prone to get it

Colonies under high population pressure or confinement
Hives with poor ventilation or excessive moisture
Colonies recovering from queen loss, mite infestation, or starvation
Crowded colonies during nectar dearth or poor forage conditions

What the beekeeper can do to prevent it

Avoid overcrowding colonies, especially in early spring
Ensure good ventilation and dry conditions
Control Varroa mites and other stressors
Requeen with better genetic resistance may help
Regularly rotate or remove old comb and keep hives clean

How to identify (signs and characteristics for the beekeeper to identify it)

Bees show trembling, loss of coordination, and inability to fly
Many bees have shiny black abdomens due to hair loss
Affected bees often crawl at the hive entrance or on the ground
Bees may die in piles near the hive
Queen may appear fine, and brood pattern may be normal or only slightly reduced

Symptoms Timeline

Symptoms appear within days of infection
Bees die shortly after symptoms begin
Outbreaks may persist for several weeks or disappear on their own
Some colonies may survive and recover, while others collapse quickly

Comparison with Similar Conditions

Condition	Key Difference
Deformed Wing Virus	Affects pupae and adults; wings are visibly deformed
Nosema	Causes dysentery and gut problems, not trembling
Pesticide poisoning	Can also cause trembling, but often sudden mass death

How to treat once your colony gets it

No direct treatment exists. Must focus on colony support
Requeen with resistant stock
Reduce stressors: provide nutrition, space, and proper ventilation
Separate symptomatic bees (e.g., divide or cage queens)
Some beekeepers report success by shaking bees into clean equipment and requeening

New England-Specific Notes

CBPV is less common than DWV or Nosema in New England but still appears sporadically, especially in spring
Cool, damp springs and overwintered colonies bursting with bees can increase risk
Outbreaks often resolve as conditions improve, but weak colonies may collapse
Best prevention is early intervention and strong spring management

Videos to Help Identify the Disease

Rare and Uncommon Honey Bee Diseases in New England

While the diseases and pests listed above are the most relevant and widespread in New England, there are other conditions that exist but are rarely seen by beekeepers in this region. Many of them are more common in other parts of the U.S. or under specific environmental or management conditions. Still, it's helpful for beekeepers to be aware of these lesser-known threats in case they arise especially as climate, migratory beekeeping, and bee imports shift over time. Below is a list of uncommon but important honey bee health issues to keep in mind.

Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV)

What is this disease?

BQCV is a viral disease that targets queen larvae and pupae, turning their developing queen cells brown or black. It is often linked to Nosema infections in adult bees and tends to affect colonies under nutritional or environmental stress.

What colonies are more prone to get it

Colonies with active Nosema ceranae infections
Hives raising new queens or with queen supersedure in progress
Colonies under stress from pollen shortages or overcrowding

What the beekeeper can do to prevent it

Maintain strong colonies with good nutrition
Manage and prevent Nosema
Ensure colonies have enough nurse bees and pollen during queen rearing

How to identify (signs and characteristics for the beekeeper to identify it)

Queen cells turn dark brown or black before emergence
Cells may collapse or fail to hatch
Queen rearing is erratic or unsuccessful

Symptoms Timeline

Infection occurs in developing queen larvae
Queen cells darken and fail to emerge over several days

New England-Specific Notes

Rare in the region, but may appear in spring during artificial queen rearing or heavy Nosema pressure.

Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV)

What is this disease?

IAPV is a highly virulent virus linked with sudden bee paralysis and death, often associated with Varroa mite infestations. It is one of the viruses implicated in Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD).

What colonies are more prone to get it

Colonies with high Varroa loads
Migratory colonies exposed to multiple stressors
Bees with poor nutrition or pesticide exposure

What the beekeeper can do to prevent it

Control Varroa mites aggressively
Avoid overcrowding and ensure consistent forage availability
Prevent robbing and drifting between hives

How to identify (signs and characteristics for the beekeeper to identify it)

Sudden appearance of trembling, disoriented bees
Massive adult bee death within a short time
Brood may appear normal, making it hard to diagnose

Symptoms Timeline

Onset can be very rapid, leading to death within days
Outbreaks may resolve or result in colony collapse

New England-Specific Notes

Not commonly confirmed in New England, but can occur with severe Varroa infections.

Kashmir Bee Virus (KBV)

What is this disease?

KBV is a lethal virus affecting adult bees. It leads to sudden adult bee death, often with no visible symptoms. Like IAPV, it is spread by Varroa mites and associated with immune suppression.

What colonies are more prone to get it

Colonies with Varroa infestation
Hives exposed to multiple viruses or poor nutrition

What the beekeeper can do to prevent it

Keep mite levels low
Maintain good nutrition and hive ventilation
Prevent robbing from collapsing colonies

How to identify (signs and characteristics for the beekeeper to identify it)

Sudden drop in adult bee population
Few or no bees found in front of the hive
Brood and queen may appear healthy

Symptoms Timeline

Rapid onset, leading to major losses within days

New England-Specific Notes

Rare and difficult to confirm without lab testing, but possible under high stress or mite pressure.

Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV)

What is this disease?

ABPV causes paralysis, trembling, and fast mortality in adult bees. It spreads easily in colonies with high Varroa mite infestation and can lead to sudden hive death.

What colonies are more prone to get it

Colonies with uncontrolled mite loads
Hives under thermal or pesticide stress

What the beekeeper can do to prevent it

Monitor and treat Varroa consistently
Reduce colony stress through shade, food, and airflow

How to identify (signs and characteristics for the beekeeper to identify it)

Bees tremble, can’t fly, and die quickly
Dead bees may accumulate inside or near the hive
Brood may appear unaffected

Symptoms Timeline

Symptoms appear in 2–4 days, colony collapse possible within a week

New England-Specific Notes

Not commonly diagnosed, but may be underreported as DWV or pesticide poisoning.

Lake Sinai Virus (LSV)

What is this disease?

LSV is a relatively newly discovered virus found in many honey bee colonies, often without symptoms. It is believed to affect immune function and longevity in stressed colonies.

What colonies are more prone to get it

Colonies under nutritional or migratory stress
Bees with multiple viral or mite-related infections

What the beekeeper can do to prevent it

Keep bees well-fed with pollen and nectar
Maintain low mite levels
Avoid stressful practices like over-inspection or unnecessary manipulation

How to identify (signs and characteristics for the beekeeper to identify it)

Currently no visible symptoms known
Confirmed only through lab testing or surveys

Symptoms Timeline

Likely chronic and long-term in nature

New England-Specific Notes

No known clinical cases in the region; found only through research-level testing

Tropilaelaps Mites

What is this pest?

A dangerous external mite parasite similar to Varroa, currently not found in the U.S. but a major threat in Asia. It reproduces faster than Varroa and is even more destructive to brood.

What colonies are more prone to get it

Not present in North America yet; risk from illegal imports or migratory beekeeping

What the beekeeper can do to prevent it

Stay informed and support quarantine and inspection measures
Avoid illegal importation of bees or equipment

How to identify (signs and characteristics for the beekeeper to identify it)

Rapid brood destruction
Adult mites are reddish-brown and fast-moving, similar to Varroa

Symptoms Timeline

Reproduce in 2–3 days, much faster than Varroa

New England-Specific Notes

Currently absent, but considered a serious threat to U.S. beekeeping if introduced

Stonebrood

What is this disease?

Stonebrood is a fungal infection caused by Aspergillus species. It infects bee larvae and can also infect adult bees. Larvae become hard, moldy mummies, often green, black, or dark gray.

What colonies are more prone to get it

Colonies in hot, humid environments
Hives with poor ventilation or high debris buildup

What the beekeeper can do to prevent it

Keep hives clean and well-ventilated
Remove and destroy infected frames

How to identify (signs and characteristics for the beekeeper to identify it)

Dead brood appear rock-hard, dark, and mold-covered
Similar to chalkbrood but mummies are darker and harder

Symptoms Timeline

Infection develops over a few days, often in stressed colonies

New England-Specific Notes

Extremely rare in this region due to cooler, drier conditions
May occur in stored equipment left in warm, moist conditions

Long Videos That Cover Several Bee Diseases

While each disease section above includes carefully selected short and highly relevant videos to help you identify and understand individual bee health issues, the following long-format videos offer broader overviews of multiple diseases and pests in one presentation. These are excellent resources if you'd like to dive deeper, refresh your knowledge, or see comparisons across several conditions in a single session.